How do we know He’s
there?
In our
present skeptical age Christians are often asked how we can know that God is
there? What and how we know is, of
course, the matter of epistemology and related branches of philosophy, and the
vast majority of us don’t have the academic training to engage in high-powered
epistemological debate. Nonetheless,
we all conduct our lives guided by things we know are true, and reject
others as false, and we Christians stake everything on certain very definite
truth claims. How can we justify our confidence
in Christian Truth in a clear but comprehensible way that does not require
formal philosophical training?
How do we know at all?
We need
to start with the understanding that the prevailing world-view today, even
among many people who don’t consciously embrace materialism, is
materialistic. It’s just assumed that we
can only know about things that can be observed, measured, and be proven using
what we might call “scientific” proof.
The Holy Trinity: One God, three Persons in loving relationship |
How does
one respond to this fairly common point of view? I’ve discussed a number of approaches to this
problem on previous occasions (see below); here’s a more comprehensive tack. We can start by pointing out that the argument
above arbitrarily limits “knowledge” to a very narrow class of things. There is no scientific proof, for instance,
for justice (an example used by St. Augustine), or for love. Nevertheless, even strict materialists can be
certain that they know when justice has been done (some of them are
particularly vocal about injustices that they are convinced have been committed
by the Church), or when they are loved. Scientific
knowledge (knowledge about things) is what philosophers call “propositional
knowledge”, but that doesn’t apply at all to an abstract reality such as love,
which is a matter of “acquaintance knowledge”. The question, then, is whether
knowledge of God is a question of propositional knowledge, or knowledge of
another sort.
Before
moving on, it’s worth pointing out that even scientific knowledge is not as
straightforward as it may seem. People
often say things like “Science tells us that . . .”, but “science” itself can
“tell” us nothing: it is simply a method by which we, with our limited and
fallible intellects, interpret the phenomena of the natural world. However carefully we have formed scientific
propositions, they can only be considered knowledge when they have been
confirmed by repeated experiment. And
even then, scientific “truths” can be displaced by newer discoveries. Scientific knowledge, then, is very often
more a matter of evidence than of iron-clad proof.
Proof or Evidence?
We also
need to recall that there are different kinds of evidence. For instance, how can we be sure enough to
convict somebody of a crime, even condemn them to long imprisonment or death,
without direct physical proof? The
answer, of course, is that the evidence of witnesses, if they are known to be
reliable, can secure a conviction (and it’s hard to conceive of an adequate
system of criminal justice that does not admit eye-witness testimony as
evidence). We can also make reasonable
conclusions about something we can’t detect directly, based on its effects on
things that we can apprehend (I discuss this kind of evidence at greater length
in my post “A Dark Matter: ‘Proving’ God in a Materialist World”).
At this
point, we can consider the question of how we can have knowledge of God. First of all, science is a method for
interpreting natural phenomena, and if God is the creator of nature, he isn’t
part of it, and is therefore necessarily outside the scope of scientific
inquiry (see “Looking For God In All The Wrong Places”). What about
the other kinds of evidence we looked at above? The first converts to Christianity were
convinced by the eye-witness testimony of the Apostles and other Disciples who
had known Jesus personally, and were convinced of these witnesses’ reliability
both by their manifest integrity, and by their willingness to suffer
excruciating deaths for the Gospel (the word “martyr” itself comes from the
Greek word for “witness”). Over the
intervening centuries, countless others have been drawn to the Church by the testimony
of Christian witnesses to the power of the Risen Christ (often, like the Apostles,
witnessing with their lives: “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the
Church”, as Tertullian said). Having
accepted Christ, they see the fulfillment of his promises in their own lives,
thus gaining experiential knowledge.
We should
also consider whether the Christian explanation fits reality better than the
materialist one. The better fit is more
likely to be true. Societies and
individuals who embrace the Christian worldview tend to be more successful by
any number of objective measures (see “What Would Darwin Do?”). The evidence
shows that Christianity is more conducive to human flourishing, and so is more
likely to be true.
God is Love
One thing
we should avoid is trying to rely on scientific arguments to prove the
existence of God (notice that the discussion of Dark Matter to which I link above is an
analogy, not proof). Theological truths
are simply beyond the scope of science, and an argument based on science is
unlikely to be persuasive. Not that any
purely intellectual argument is going convert many people. Let’s go back to our
discussion above about kinds of knowledge.
As Christians we understand that God is a Trinity of Persons, that God
is Love (1 John 4:8): knowledge of God, therefore, is “relational
knowledge” , and we know him through the God/Man Jesus Christ, Second Person of the Holy Trinity. Father Larry Richards is known to wind up
discussions of this sort by saying that he knows that God is there because
he knows
him. For every one of us, that’s the
only kind of “proof” that will lead to real faith. We can show through our arguments that belief
in God is reasonable, but we can only really “know” when we return his loving
embrace.
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